M5- TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
NADIAH NADHIRAH ROMELY ASIAH ZAHIRAH MOHD ZURAIDI
197003 197832
MACRO STRUCTURE In a global, Macro Structure can be observed in text from a text topic/theme |
Superstructures The framework of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers and conclusions |
Microstructure In a local meaning text can be identified From words, sentences and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)
| The Theory of Critical Discourse (Fairclough, 1995) |
| ||
Textual Analysis
Grammar · Themes Lexical · Metaphor
Cohesion · Repetition · Conjunction | Practical Discourse Analysis
Intertexuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer
Inter discussion · Narrative · Debate · Expository · Expressive | Practical Social Analysis
Economics Education Politics | ||
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by Fairclough (1995)
| DECISION STRATEGY | |
Bald on-record
Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me a big basket. The light colour is green. Please come in. Please eat. | Positive politeness
Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred ringgits? If you don’t mind, can I follow to the hospital. | |
Negative politeness
Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. | Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price is really expensive here. Your clothes are beautiful. | |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
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| Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) |
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| ||
PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context
· Acceptance / Disclaimer · Requirements · Reference · Anaphora · Repetition · Ambiguity · Affirmation | EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
· Behavior · Personality · Mood · Motivation | VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom
· Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity · Independent, high prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness · Respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize · Justice, freedom, rational | LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics | INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. The discussion summary 3. Closing words | ||
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
| Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
| ||
Content | Context | Assumpiton | ||
1. Theme | 1. Grammar | 1. Opinion | ||
| 2. Background | 2. Reference | ||
| 3. Emotion | 3. Problem | ||
Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory
Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotions |
Family | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent's house
| Happy, missed, |
Self | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Inside and outside the house, school | Happy |
I’m Special One | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Mother and father's house |
|
I know | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | In or out of the house | Upset, sad, sympathy |
I Understand | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Homes, schools or in public places | Happy, sympathy, care |
Table 3 : Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Samples/Materials | Type |
Grandparent’s | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
I'm a Special One | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Family | Short story | Family | mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Hearts | Short story | Community | Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends | Storytelling |
Neighbors | Short story | Neighborhood | Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Storytelling |
Table 4 : Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Grandparent’s | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Grandparent village | Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied |
I am a Special | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, statisfied, sadness |
Families | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, restrection |
Hearts | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | School, rumah, neighbour | Happy |
Neighbours | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parents and neighbor house | Happy, sympathy, care, sadness |
Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandparents | Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience |
I'm a Special One | Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
My Family | Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Hearts | Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbors | Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies |
1. Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2. Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy |
3. Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4. Approach 5. Use of all purpose words 6. Create New words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies |
12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices |
Table 6 : Communication Strategies
| Communication Strategies | Frecuency |
1. | Abbreviation | 15 |
2. | New words have no meaning | 4 |
3. | Disclaimer / Conflict | 10 |
4. | Questions | 6 |
5. | Repetition | 8 |
6. | References | 13 |
7. | Self-Correction | 5 |
8. | Different topics / neglect messages | 4 |
9. | Intermittent | 8 |
10. | Suspension | 6 |
11. | Translation literal | 4 |
12. | Language exchange | 4 |
13. | Imagination | 5 |
14. | Politeness | 4 |
15. | Paraphrase | 4 |
16. | Asking for help | 4 |
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