M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1
Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks |
Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan |
Struktur Mikro Makna local daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks |
Rajah 1: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh VanDijk (1997)
Structure Macro Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme |
Superstructures The outline of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers and conclusions |
MicroStruct structure Local meaning of a work that can be identified From the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)
In a from a text topic/theme |
Superstructures
contents, covers, and conclusions |
In a From |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)
MACRO STRUCTURE In a global, Macro Structure can be observed in text from a text topic/theme |
Superstructures The framework of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers and conclusions |
Microstructure In a local meaning text can be identified From words, sentences and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)
| Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995) |
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Analisis Tekstual
Tatabahasa · Tema Leksikal · Metafora
Kohesi · Pengulangan · Konjunsi
| Analisis Wacana Praktis
Intertektualiti · Pra-andaian · Metawacana · Penafian
Interdiskusi · Naratif · Perbahasan · Ekspositori · Luahan (expessive) | Analisis Praktis Sosial
Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik | ||
Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)
| Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
| ||
Textual Analysis
Grammar · Themes Lexical · Metaphor
Coherent · Repetition · Conjunction | Practical Discourse Analysis
Intertectuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer
Interdiscussion · Narrative · Debate · Expositories · Expensive | Practical Social Analysis
Economics Education Politics | ||
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by Fairclough (1995)
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Textual Analysis
Grammar · Themes
Lexical · Metaphor
· Repetition · Conjunction | Practical Discourse Analysis
· Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer
Inter discussion · Narrative · Debate · · | Practical Social Analysis
Economics Education Politics | ||
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by FaircloughThe Theory of Critical Discourse by Fairchlough (1995)
| The Theory of Critical Discourse (Fairclough, 1995) |
| ||
Textual Analysis
Grammar · Themes Lexical · Metaphor
Cohesion · Repetition · Conjunction | Practical Discourse Analysis
Intertexuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer
Inter discussion · Narrative · Debate · Expository · Expressive | Practical Social Analysis
Economics Education Politics | ||
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by Fairclough (1995)
| STRATEGI KESOPANAN | |
Bald on-record
Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini…. Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan. | Kesopanan Positif
Contoh: Kamu Nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan. | |
Kesopanan Negatif
Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan. | Off-record
Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu. | |
Rajah3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)
| DECISION STRATEGY | |
Bald on-record
Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me that big basket. The light is green. Please come in. Invite to eat. | Positive politeness
Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't objection. | |
Negative politeness
Maybe he took the box, Maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. | Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price of shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes are beautiful. | |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
| DECISION STRATEGY | |
Bald on-record
Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me The light colour is green. Please come in.
| Positive politeness
Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred
| |
Negative politeness
Maybe he took the box,
Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. | Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room.
Your clothes are beautiful. | |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
| DECISION STRATEGY | |
Bald on-record
Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me a big basket. The light colour is green. Please come in. Please eat. | Positive politeness
Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred ringgits? If you don’t mind, can I follow to the hospital. | |
Negative politeness
Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. | Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price is really expensive here. Your clothes are beautiful. | |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
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| Pendekatam Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) |
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PRA-ANDAIAN 1. Intuisi 2. Konteks
· Penerimaan/ Penafian · Keperluan · Perjukan · Anafora · Pengulangan · Kekaburan · Penegasan | EMOSI 1. Positif 2. Negatif 3. Emosi Bercampur
· Perangai · Personality · Mood · Motivasi | NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1. Diri 2. Masyarakat 3. Adat
· Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan · Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan · Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat · Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional | BAHASA 1. Bahasa Pertama/ kedua/ ketiga 2. Formal/ tidak formal 3. Kesalahan bahasa 4. Linguistik | INFERENS 1. Rumusan Keseluruhan 2. Rumusan topik perbincangan 3. Penutup kata | ||
Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
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| Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) |
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PRE-CONCEPT 1. Intuition 2. Context
· Acceptance / Disclaimer · Requirements · Agree · Anaphora · Repetition · Ambiguity · Emphasis | EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
· Behavior · Personality · Mood · Motivation | VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom
· Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity · Independent, hemah high, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness · Regards respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize · Justice, freedom, rational | LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics | INFERENCE 1. Formulation overall 2. Formulation topic discussion 3. Closing words | ||
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
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| Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) |
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PRE- 1. Intuition 2. Context
· Acceptance / Disclaimer · Requirements · · Anaphora · Repetition · Ambiguity · | EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
· Behavior · Personality · Mood · Motivation | VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom
· Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity · Independent,
physical hygiene and mental, politeness · respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize · Justice, freedom, rational | LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics | INFERENCE 1.
2.
3. Closing words | ||
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
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| Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) |
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PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context
· Acceptance / Disclaimer · Requirements · Reference · Anaphora · Repetition · Ambiguity · Affirmation | EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
· Behavior · Personality · Mood · Motivation | VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom
· Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity · Independent, high prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness · Respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize · Justice, freedom, rational | LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics | INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. The discussion summary 3. Closing words | ||
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
| Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
| ||
Kandungan | Konteks | Andaian | ||
1. Tema | 1. Tatabahasa | 1. Pendapat | ||
| 2. Latar | 2. Perujukan | ||
| 3. Emosi | 3. Persoalan | ||
Rajah 5 : Teori Analisis Wacana
| Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
| ||
Content | Context | Assumpiton | ||
1. Theme | 1. Grammar | 1. Opinion | ||
| 2. Background | 2. Persuasion | ||
| 3. Emotion | 3. Question | ||
Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory
| Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
| ||
Content | Context | Assumpiton | ||
1. Theme | 1. Grammar | 1. Opinion | ||
| 2. Background | 2. Reference | ||
| 3. Emotion | 3. | ||
Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory
| Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
| ||
Content | Context | Assumpiton | ||
1. Theme | 1. Grammar | 1. Opinion | ||
| 2. Background | 2. Reference | ||
| 3. Emotion | 3. Problem | ||
Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory
Judul | Tatabahasa | Latar | Emosi |
Keluarga | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah ibu bapa | Gembira, rindu, |
Diri | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Dalam dan luar rumah, sekolah | Gembira |
Saya yang Istimewa | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah ibu dan bapa |
|
Saya Tahu | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Dalam atau luar rumah | Hiba, sedih, simpati |
Saya Faham | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah, sekolah ataupun di tempat awam | Gembira, simpati, ambil berat |
Jadual 2 : Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak
Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Family | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent's house
| Happy, missed, |
Self | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Inside and outside the house, school | Happy |
I’m Special One | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Mother and father's house |
|
I know | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | In or out of the house | Hiba, sad, sympathy |
I Understand | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Homes, schools or in public places | Happy, sympathy, care |
Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotions |
Family | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent's house
| Happy, missed, |
Self | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Inside and outside the house, school | Happy |
I’m Special One | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Mother and father's house |
|
I know | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | In or out of the house | Upset |
I Understand | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Homes, schools or in public places | Happy, sympathy, care |
Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotions |
Family | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent's house
| Happy, missed, |
Self | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Inside and outside the house, school | Happy |
I’m Special One | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Mother and father's house |
|
I know | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | In or out of the house | Upset, sad, sympathy |
I Understand | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Homes, schools or in public places | Happy, sympathy, care |
Jadual 3 : Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial
Judul | Teks | Tema | Sampel/Bahan | Jenis |
Nenek dan Datuk | Cerita pendek | Kekeluargaan | Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Penceritaan |
Saya yang Istimewa | Cerita pendek | Kekeluargaan | Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Penceritaan |
Keluarga | Cerita pendek | Kekeluargaan | ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Penceritaan |
Hati | Cerita pendek | Kemasyarakatan | Ibu, Cikgu, Alim dan rakan-rakan | Penceritaan |
Jiran | Cerita pendek | Kejiranan | Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Penceritaan |
Table 3 : Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Samples/Materials | Type |
Grandmother and Grandfather | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
I'm a Special One | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
Family | Short story | Family | mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
Hearts | Short story | Community | Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends | Narration |
Neighbors | Short story | Neighborhood | Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Narration |
Table 3 : Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Samples/Materials | Type |
Grandparent’s | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
I'm a Special One | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Family | Short story | Family | mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Hearts | Short story | Community | Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends | Storytelling |
Neighbors | Short story | Neighborhood | Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Storytelling |
Table 3 : Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Samples/Materials | Type |
Grandparent’s | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
I'm a Special One | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Family | Short story | Family | mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Hearts | Short story | Community | Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends | Storytelling |
Neighbors | Short story | Neighborhood | Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Storytelling |
Judul | Tatabahasa | Latar | Emosi |
Nenek dan Datuk | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Kampung nenek dan datuk | Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati |
Saya yang Istimewa | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah ibu dan bapa | Gembira, puas hati. sedih |
Keluarga | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah ibu dan bapa | Gembira, sedih |
Hati | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Sekolah, rumah, jiran | Gembira |
Jiran | Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa | Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran | Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih |
Jadual 4 : Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial
Table 4 : Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Grandparents and Grandfather | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Grandparent village and grandparents | Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied |
I am a Special | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, statisfied, sadness |
Families | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, restrection |
Hearts | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Sekolah, rumah, neighbour | Happy |
Neighbours | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parents and neighbouring house | Happy, sympathy, care, sadness |
Table 4 : Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Grandparent’s
| Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Grandparent village | Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied |
I am a Special | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, statisfied, sadness |
Family | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, restrection |
Hearts | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | School | Happy |
Neighbours | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parents and | Happy, sympathy, care, sadness |
Table 4 : Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Grandparent’s | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Grandparent village | Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied |
I am a Special | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, statisfied, sadness |
Families | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parent’s house | Happy, restrection |
Hearts | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | School, rumah, neighbour | Happy |
Neighbours | Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children | Parents and neighbor house | Happy, sympathy, care, sadness |
Jadual 5 : Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial
Judul Cerita Sosial | Nilai Sosial |
Nenek dan Datuk | Kasih sayang, ambil berat, rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar |
Saya yang Istimewa | Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab |
Keluarga Saya | Baik hati, sabar, tolong menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional |
Hati | Baik hati, kasih sayang, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati, rajin |
Jiran | Baik hati, tanggungjawab, kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan |
Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandmother | Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience |
I'm a Special One | Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
My Family | Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Hearts | Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbors | Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandparents | Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience |
I'm a Special One | Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
My Family | Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Hearts | Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbors | Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandparents | Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience |
I'm a Special One | Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
My Family | Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Hearts | Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbors | Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Strategi pengelakan atau pengurangan |
1. Pengabaian/Peninggalan mesej 2. 2. Pengelakan topik |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan |
3. Parafrasa (Circumlocution) 4. Penghampiran 5. Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan 6. Cipta perkataan baharu (Word-coinage) 7. Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non linguistic means) 8. Terjemahan literal 9. Pengantarabangsaan 10. Pertukaran kod 11. Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/ Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu |
12. Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of fillers/strategi penanda (hesitation devices) |
Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies |
1. Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2. Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy |
3. Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4. Approach 5. Use of all purpose words 6. Create New words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies |
12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices |
Figure 7: Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies |
1. Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2. Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy |
3. Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4. Approach 5. Use of all purpose words 6. Create New words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies |
12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices |
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies |
1. Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2. Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy |
3. Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4. Approach 5. Use of all purpose words 6. Create New words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies |
12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices |
Jadual 6 : Strategi Komunikasi
| Strategi Komunikasi | Frekuensi |
1. | Singkatan | 15 |
2. | Perkataan baharu tiada makna | 4 |
3. | Penafian/Percanggahan | 10 |
4. | Persoalan | 6 |
5. | Pengulangan | 8 |
6. | Perujukan | 13 |
7. | Pembetulan kendiri | 5 |
8. | Topik berlainan/pengabaian mesej | 4 |
9. | Celahan | 8 |
10. | Penangguhan | 6 |
11. | Terjemahan literal | 4 |
12. | Pertukaran bahasa | 4 |
13. | Imaginasi | 5 |
14. | Kesopanan | 4 |
15. | Parafrasa | 4 |
16. | Meminta pertolongan | 4 |
Table 6 : Communication Strategies
| Communication Strategies | Frecuency |
1. | Abbreviation | 15 |
2. | New words have no meaning | 4 |
3. | Disclaimer / Conflict | 10 |
4. | Questions | 6 |
5. | Repetition | 8 |
6. | References | 13 |
7. | Self-Correction | 5 |
8. | Different topics / neglect messages | 4 |
9. | Intermittent | 8 |
10. | delays | 6 |
11. | Translation literal | 4 |
12. | Language exchange | 4 |
13. | Imagination | 5 |
14. | Politeness | 4 |
15. | Paraphrase | 4 |
16. | Asking for help | 4 |
Table 6 : Communication Strategies
| Communication Strategies | Frecuency |
1. | Abbreviation | 15 |
2. | New words have no meaning | 4 |
3. | Disclaimer / Conflict | 10 |
4. | Questions | 6 |
5. | Repetition | 8 |
6. | References | 13 |
7. | Self-Correction | 5 |
8. | Different topics / neglect messages | 4 |
9. | Intermittent | 8 |
10. | Suspension | 6 |
11. | Translation literal | 4 |
12. | Language exchange | 4 |
13. | Imagination | 5 |
14. | Politeness | 4 |
15. | Paraphrase | 4 |
16. | Asking for help | 4 |
Table 6 : Communication Strategies
| Communication Strategies | Frecuency |
1. | Abbreviation | 15 |
2. | New words have no meaning | 4 |
3. | Disclaimer / Conflict | 10 |
4. | Questions | 6 |
5. | Repetition | 8 |
6. | References | 13 |
7. | Self-Correction | 5 |
8. | Different topics / neglect messages | 4 |
9. | Intermittent | 8 |
10. | Suspension | 6 |
11. | Translation literal | 4 |
12. | Language exchange | 4 |
13. | Imagination | 5 |
14. | Politeness | 4 |
15. | Paraphrase | 4 |
16. | Asking for help | 4  Normaliza Abd Rahim (2019). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. KEHADIRAN  |
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